Part 1: Basics
- Background
- Health Benefits
- Omega-3 Status of Vegetarians and Vegans
- Improving Omega-3 Status in Vegetarians and Vegans
- Daily Needs
- More Information
Part 2: Research
- Introduction to the Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Essential Fatty Acids: ALA and LA
- Long-chain Omega-3 Fatty Acid Blood Levels of Vegetarians
- Vegetarians vs. Fish-Eaters
- Fatty Acid Levels of Older vs. Younger Vegans
- Impacts of Lower EPA and DHA on Vegetarians
- Conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA
- ALA Supplementation Results in Little Increase in Blood DHA
- EPA and DHA Correlate between Plasma and the Heart but not the Brain
- Tissues Contain Enzymes that Convert Omega-3s
- Dietary DHA Reduces ALA Conversion
- Lower Omega-6 Intake is Associated with Higher Serum EPA and DHA
- DHA Supplementation in Vegetarians
- Omega-3 Recommendations for Vegans
- Vegetarian Pregnancy and Children
- Omega-3s and Chronic Disease
- Omega-3s and Cardiovascular Disease
- Fish Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease
- Omega-3 Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease
- Stroke and Omega-6 to Omega-3 Ratio
- Omega-3s and Cognition
- Omega-3s and Depression
- Omega-3s and Increased Risk of Disease
- Appendix A: Biomarkers of DHA Status
- Appendix B: Evolutionary Arguments for a Dietary Requirement for DHA